Dion Kramer
EU-Burgers zonder (t)huis: De Aanpak van Dakloosheid en de Staat van EU-Burgerschap in Nederland
In dit artikel in het Nederlands tijdschrift voor Europees Recht (2023, 5/6, 87-95) gaat Dion in op de destijds geldende praktijk dat veel Nederlandse gemeenten EU-burgers als ‘niet-rechthebbenden’ weerden uit de reguliere daklozenopvang. Klopt deze praktijk? Welke rechten kunnen dak- en thuisloze EU-burgers eigenlijk ontlenen aan hun status als EU-burger in Nederland? Dit artikel beantwoordt deze vraag middels een bespreking van 1) de rechtenopbouw van EU-burgers, 2) hun recht op gelijke behandeling en 3) de bevoegdheidsverdeling tussen de gemeenten en de Staatssecretaris van Justitie en Veiligheid. Door in te gaan op de unieke wisselwerking tussen het Europees en Nederlandse bestuursrecht schetst Dion ontstaat tevens een hernieuwd beeld van de huidige staat van EU-burgerschap binnen de Nederlandse verzorgingsstaat.
Let op: een kortere versie is te vinden als blog op verblijfblog.nl
Daan de Bruijn
Waarom zwart werk een verblijfstitel voor Unieburgers moet kunnen opleveren
In dit artikel in Asiel en Migrantenrecht gaat Daan in op zwart werk nadat de EU Citizen Rights Corner hier een vraag over had gekregen. Klopt het dat EU-burgers die 'zwart' werken geen verblijfsrecht en sociale rechten opbouwen? Ze betoogt dat de mogelijkheden voor Unieburgers om een verblijfsrecht te verwerven door ‘zwart werk’ ruimer zijn dan in de Nederlandse praktijk het geval blijkt te zijn – terwijl het bij dat werk volgens schattingen van het CBS om bijna een half miljoen banen gaat.
Dion Kramer
Mobilizing the Rights of Homeless EU Citizens in the Netherlands
In this article, Dion explores the case of homeless EU citizens in the Netherlands and the mobilization of their rights. He discusses how by marking them as niet-rechthebbenden (“non-rightholders”), Dutch municipalities have systematically denied homeless EU citizens access to overnight shelters and general homelessness services on equal footing as Dutch citizens. This exclusion has most probably led to a denial of rights to EU citizens entitled to shelter as permanent residents, (former) workers, or otherwise legally residing EU citizens. The article explores the context and motivations that led a broad coalition of actors—ranging from homelessness organizations, advocacy groups, a public interest litigation organization and legal experts—to join efforts and consider strategic litigation a credible avenue to protect the interests of the most vulnerable under EU law within a national and local context. The case demonstrates, however, how strategic litigation is not considered the most effective or preferred strategy when other avenues for legal mobilization open up.
FEANTSA Guide
The European Federation of National Organisations Working with the Homeless is a European NGO focusing exclusively on the fight against homelessness. Over the past years, FEANTSA has conducted extensive research on and advocacy for destitute mobile EU citizens. This has resulted in an updated guide for professionals working with destitute mobile EU citizens. The guide was developed to reply to most of the questions that social workers and other colleagues might need to answer when they provide services for mobile EU citizens who are homeless. The guide goes through the most relevant features of EU free movement law and provides an overview of the rights and duties that mobile EU citizens have. It also includes a number of case studies that illustrate legal concepts with practical cases.
Checklist Equal Treatment and Report by Regenbooggroep
Over the past years, several governmental and non-governmental initiatives have led to more clarity about the rights of EU citizens experiencing homelessness. In June 2024, the Dutch government published a so-called 'Checklist Equal Treatment" that is meant to assist civil servants at Dutch municipalities to assess whether EU citizens applying for social support under the Social Support Act have the right to equal treatment. Importantly: the 'checklist' is simply a tool to help verify rights that already exist under European and Dutch law and does not create any new rights. After publishing the checklist, the Amsterdam-based NGO De Regenbooggroep published a report mapping the backgrounds and conditions of EU citizens experiencing homelessness in Amsterdam and examining how many should be entitled to homelessness support.
Working Instructions IND (Immigration Authority)
Should you want to know in detail how the Dutch immigration authority decides in questions about the right of residence of EU citizens, you can find many answers in their so-called 'work instructions'. This document offers instructions to IND officials how they can and should apply the rights of EU citizens and their family members, often with reference to relevant European and Dutch law and jurisprudence.
European Commission Guidance
The European Commission, the EU institution responsible for the enforcement of EU law, has recently published a new version of its Guidance on the application of Citizenship Directive (2004/38). The purpose of the guidance is to contribute to a more effective application of the free movement legislation across the EU and to thereby provide greater legal certainty to EU citizens exercising their free movement rights.
